Resources

1. Global Warming Potential, WMO Scientific Assessment Report 2014; Report of the Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee 2014 Assessment 2. A1 = Lower toxicity, no flame propagation (non-flammable); B1 = Higher toxicity, no flame propagation (non-flammable); A2 = Lower toxicity, flammable; A2L = Lower… read more

The number of single component refrigerants with different thermodynamic properties suitable for different types of equipment is limited. Growing demand for refrigeration and air-conditioning with diversified applications has led to a continued search for suitable refrigerant blends. A number of such blends have been developed by mixing two or… read more

This application consists of a series of short instructional videos on techniques, safety and best practice for refrigeration and air conditioning (RAC) technicians.  This serves as a complementary training tool for technicians to help them revise and retain the skills they have acquired during hands-on training. Available in the following… read more

The project was implemented at the regional level in consultation with National Ozone Units of the Gulf Coordination Council (GCC) countries, namely Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE plus Iraq, to ensure incorporating the project outputs within the HPMPs particularly for the preparation of post 2015 policies and action-… read more

UNEP Compliance Assistance Programme's (CAP) main focus is on providing technical support to NOUs for the timely implementation of their HPMPs. It is the lead agency for HPMPs in 71 countries and the cooperating agency in another 28 countries, covering almost 100 countries. CAP also assists 103 Article 5 countries in institutional strengthening… read more

As the international community proudly celebrates the 30th anniversary of the Vienna Convention for Protection of the Ozone Layer, the success story of protecting the ozone layer resonates in all fora. Today the world boasts of having phased out 98 per cent of ozone depleting substances (ODS). However, the use of ODS continues to increase in… read more

The current commercially available technologies, used as replacements for HCFCs, not only perform less efficiently in high-ambient conditions but may also possess high-GWP characteristics which do not provide optimum alternatives in the context of the HCFC phase-out programmes in this sector. This exceptional project is designed to respond to… read more

It is expected that in the near future there will be a considerably higher uptake around the world, and particularly in developing countries of ‘alternative refrigerants’, such as hydrocarbons, ammonia, carbon dioxide, unsaturated hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) –or hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) and HFOs mixtures.

 

Fisheries make a major contribution to the economies of many developing countries through foreign exchange earnings and employment creation

This publication, Twenty Questions and Answers About the Ozone Layer: 2014 Update, is a component of the 2014 report of the Montreal Protocol Scientific Assessment Panel, Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014. This document is an update of Twenty Questions and Answers About the Ozone Layer: 2010 (Fahey, D.W., and M.I. Hegglin) and… read more

This document provides guidance for Ozone Officers in low volume HCFC consuming countries (LVCs) to help them understand how to seek financing outside of the Montreal Protocol’s Multilateral Fund to achieve the climate co-benefits indicated in their national HCFC Phase-out Management Plans

The ‘informal Prior-Informed Consent’ (iPIC) mechanism was launched in 2006 by the UNEP DTIE OzonAction as part of its work in providing assistance to developing countries to fulfil their commitments under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. This initiative was developed in order to better manage trade in ozone… read more

Free Trade Zones” (FTZ), are specifically defined areas within a country where goods may be imported/landed, handled, processed, assembled, manufactured or reconfigured, and re-exported with the companies deriving a wide range of benefits, for example, exemptions from duty and taxes, simplified administrative procedures and duty free imports of… read more

At the 1992 Meeting of the Parties in Copenhagen, methyl bromide (MB) was included as a controlled substance Ozone Depleting Substance, (ODS). Article 2H of the Protocol specifically excluded Quarantine and Pre-shipment (QPS) uses from control measures as it was considered that there were no alternatives to MB for the diverse range of… read more

Efficient tracking of methyl bromide (MB) use requires close monitoring and a full understanding of both controlled and exempted uses. The IPPC has developed a list of articles typically fumigated with MB for quarantine and pre-shipment (QPS) purposes, which facilitates collection and reporting of MB usage data. Modifications may be made in… read more

The booklet summarises current understanding of how changes in the ozone layer affect human health, not only in the world we live in but also in the ‘World Avoided’. That is the world we would have lived in had we failed to control ozone depleting substances. By examining the ‘World Avoided’ we clearly see, to echo the words of the Vienna… read more

Many of the alternative refrigerants to hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) have particular characteristics in terms of toxicity, flammability and high pressure which are different from those used previously. It is therefore important that the refrigeration and air-conditioning industry adapts to both the technical and safety issues concerning… read more

This guide is intended to provide an introduction to standards and how they can be useful in supporting the adoption of alternatives in the context of the HCFC phase-out in developing countries. It also includes an overview of existing standards related to HCFCs and their alternatives, barriers to alternatives, the process of the adoption of… read more

As the phase out of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) progresses, it is expected that there will be a considerably higher uptake, in particular in developing countries, of ‘alternative refrigerants’, such as hydrocarbons, ammonia, carbon dioxide, unsaturated hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) –or HFOs. Many of these alternative refrigerants have… read more

As the phase out of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) progresses, it is expected that there will be a considerably higher uptake, in particular in developing countries, of ‘alternative refrigerants’, such as hydrocarbons, ammonia, carbon dioxide, unsaturated hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) –or HFOs. Many of these alternative refrigerants have… read more