Washington D.C., 17 November 2015 - Widespread adoption of products labelled 'biodegradable' will not significantly decrease the volume of plastic entering the ocean or the physical and chemical risks that plastics pose to marine environment, concluded a UN report released today.
The report, "Biodegradable Plastics and Marine Litter. Misconceptions, Concerns and Impacts on Marine Environments", finds that complete biodegradation of plastics occurs in conditions that are rarely, if ever, met in marine environments, with some polymers requiring industrial composters and prolonged temperatures of above 50°C to disintegrate. There is also some limited evidence suggesting that labelling products as 'biodegradable' increases the public's inclination to litter.
The report was launched to mark the 20th anniversary of the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA), an intergovernmental mechanism hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
UNEP Executive Director Achim Steiner said, "Recent estimates from UNEP have shown as much as 20 million tonnes of plastic end up in the world's oceans each year. Once in the ocean, plastic does not go away, but breaks down into microplastic particles. This report shows there are no quick fixes, and a more responsible approach to managing the lifecycle of plastics will be needed to reduce their impacts on our oceans and ecosystems."
In 2014, a study by UNEP and partners estimated that about 280 million tonnes of plastic is produced globally each year and only a very small percentage is recycled. Instead, some of that plastic ends up in the world's oceans, costing several billion dollars annually in environmental damage to marine ecosystems.
In recent years, concern has grown over microplastics (particles up to 5 mm in diameter, either manufactured or created when plastic breaks down). Their ingestion has been widely reported in marine organisms, including seabirds, fish, mussels, worms and zooplankton.
The new report aimed to verify a thesis that plastics considered 'biodegradable' may play an important role in reducing these negative environmental impacts.
The report finds that plastics most commonly used for general applications, such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are not biodegradable in marine environments. Polymers, which biodegrade under favourable conditions on land, are much slower to break up in the ocean and their widespread adoption is likely to contribute to marine litter and consequent undesirable consequences for marine ecosystems.
The study also analyzes the environmental impacts of oxo-degradable plastics, enriched with a pro oxidant, such as manganese, which precipitates their fragmentation. It found that in marine environments the fragmentation is fairly slow and can take up to 5 years, during which the plastic objects continue to litter the ocean.
Oxo-degradable plastics can pose a threat to marine ecosystems even after fragmentation. The report says it should be assumed that microplastics created in the fragmentation process remain in the ocean, where they can be ingested by marine organisms and facilitate the transport of harmful microbes, pathogens and algal species.
The report also cites research that suggested some people are attracted by 'technological solutions' as an alternative to changing behaviour. Labelling a product as biodegradable may be seen as a technical fix that removes responsibility from the individual, resulting in a reluctance to take action.
The event was hosted by UNEP's Regional Office for North America in Washington, D.C., where the declaration on creating GPA was signed in 1995. Ambassador Judith G. Garber from the U.S. Department of State and Dr. Richard Spinrad, Chief Scientist, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) gave keynote remarks. Expert panelists addressed the topic of land-based sources of marine pollution including marine litter, wastewater, and nutrient runoff. A reception followed with remarks from Senator Sheldon Whitehouse, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Principal Deputy Assistant Administrator, Jane Nishida, and renowned marine life artist and conservationist, Robert Wyland.
NOTES TO EDITORS
About GPA
Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA) is the only global intergovernmental mechanism directly addressing the connectivity between terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems.
It was created in 1995 when over 108 governments declared "their commitment to protect and preserve the marine environment from the impacts of land-based activities, through the Washington Declaration. UNEP hosts the GPA Coordinating Unit and coordinates some activities in support of the programme. Intergovernmental Review Meetings are organized every 5 years to review the progress made by countries in the implementation of the GPA through their respective National Action Plans.
About GPML
The Global Partnership on Marine Litter (GPML) launched during the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio + 20, in June 2012, is a voluntary open-ended partnership for international agencies, governments, businesses, academia, local authorities, nongovernmental organizations and individuals. It is hosted by the GPA and aims to gather partners together to work on further reducing and better managing marine litter.
