Oxford/Nairobi, 10 March 2021 – One year from the onset of the pandemic, recovery spending has fallen short of nations’ commitments to build back more sustainably. An analysis of spending by leading economies, led by Oxford’s Economic Recovery Project and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), finds only 18.0% of announced recovery spending can be considered ‘green.’
The report, Are We Building Back Better? Evidence from 2020 and Pathways for Inclusive Green Recovery Spending, calls for governments to invest more sustainably and tackle inequalities as they stimulate growth in the wake of the devastation wrought by the pandemic.
The most comprehensive analysis of COVID-19-related fiscal rescue and recovery efforts by 50 leading economies so far, the report reveals that only $368bn of $14.6tn COVID-induced spending (rescue and recovery) in 2020 was green.
UNEP’s Executive Director, Inger Andersen: “Humanity is facing a pandemic, an economic crisis and an ecological breakdown - we cannot afford to lose on any front. Governments have a unique chance to put their countries on sustainable trajectories that prioritize economic opportunity, poverty reduction and planetary health at once - the Observatory gives them the tools to navigate to more sustainable and inclusive recoveries.”
Brian O’Callaghan, lead researcher at the Oxford University Economic Recovery Project and the report’s author: “Despite positive steps towards a sustainable COVID-19 recovery from a few leading nations, the world has so far fallen short of matching aspirations to build back better. But opportunities to spend wisely on recovery are not yet over. Governments can use this moment to secure long-term economic, social, and environmental prosperity.”
“Our ability to better inform and monitor the investments made by countries to address the socio-economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic is vital to keep the green, inclusive recovery on track,” says Achim Steiner, UNDP Administrator. “In this respect, the Global Recovery Observatory and UNDP’s Data Futures Platform offer policymakers a rich new set of data points and insights – expanding access to such resources will help to increase the transparency, accountability, and effectiveness of the investments being made now and their impact on our sustainable future.”
Professor of Environmental Economics at Oxford, Cameron Hepburn: “This report is a wake-up call. The data from the Global Recovery Observatory show that we are not building back better, at least not yet. We know a green recovery would be a win for the economy as well as the climate - now we need to get on with it.”
The report emphasizes that green recovery can bring stronger economic growth, while helping to meet global environmental targets and addressing structural inequality. To keep decades of progress against poverty from unwinding, low-income countries will require substantial concessional finance from international partners.
It raises five key questions for the road to sustainable recovery:
- What is at stake as countries commit unprecedented resources to recovery?
- What spending pathways could enhance economic recovery and environmental sustainability?
- What is the role of recovery spending in addressing inequalities exacerbated by COVID-19?
- What kind of recovery investments countries are currently making to tackle climate change, nature loss, and pollution?
- What more needs to be done to ensure a sustainable and equitable recovery?
On the whole, so far global green spending “has been incommensurate with the scale of ongoing environmental crises,” according to the report, including climate change, nature loss, and pollution, missing significant social and long-term economic benefits.
Key findings of the analysis in terms of recovery spending:
- $341bn or 18.0% of spending was green, mostly accounted for by a small group of high-income countries. Global recovery spending has so far missed the opportunity for green investment.
- $66.1bn was invested in low carbon energy, largely thanks to Spanish and German subsidies for renewable energy projects and hydrogen and infrastructure investments.
- $86.1bn announced for green transport through electric vehicle transfers and subsidies, investments in public transport, cycling and walking infrastructure.
- $35.2bn was announced for green building upgrades to increase energy efficiency, mostly through retrofits, notably in France and the UK.
- $56.3bn was announced for natural capital or Nature based Solutions (NbS)– ecosystem regeneration initiatives and reforestation. Two-fifths was directed towards public parks and counter pollution measures, notably in the US and China, improving quality of life and addressing environmental concerns.
- $28.9bn was announced in green R&D. Green R&D includes renewable energy technologies, technologies for decarbonising sectors such as aviation, plastics, and agriculture, and carbon sequestration. Without progress in green R&D, meeting the Paris Agreement targets would require far-reaching pricing and lifestyle changes.
NOTES TO EDITORS
- The Global Recovery Observatory is an initiative led by the Oxford University Economic Recovery Project (OUERP), and supported by UNEP, the International Monetary Fund and GIZ through the Green Fiscal Policy Network (GFPN).
- As of February 2021, the Observatory contains more than 3,500 policies across the world’s 50 largest economies. It is updated weekly. The database itself will be hosted on the Oxford SSEE, GFPN, and UNDP Data Futures websites. Explore the data visualization of the findings on UNDP’s Data Futures Platform
- A methodology document including a full list of archetypes, sub-archetypes, and assessments is available in O’Callaghan et al., 2020.
- The most recent World Economic Outlook update (January 2021) estimates a contraction of 3.5% in global GDP for 2020 (IMF, 2021).
- All values in the above are in USD, with exchange rates as at January 2021.
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The Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment
Home to The Oxford University Economic Recovery Project and the Global Recovery Observatory, the Smith School is an interdisciplinary hub of the University of Oxford. It focuses on teaching, research, engagement with businesses and enterprise, and long-term environmental sustainability. OUERP is the world’s hub for developing and communicating long-term economic perspectives on recessionary fiscal spending. The Smith School was founded through a benefaction from the Smith Family Educational Foundation and officially opened in 2008. www.smithschool.ox.ac.uk
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For more information, please contact:
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Keisha Rukikaire, Head of News and Media, UN Environment Programme
